Osteomalacia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

What is Osteomalacia?

Osteomalacia is a condition where bones become soft and weak. This happens because the body cannot build strong bones. Often, osteomalacia is linked to a lack of vitamin D. Because of this, the bones do not get enough minerals. As a result, bone softening can cause pain and increase the risk of fractures. Osteomalacia is different from osteoporosis, which makes bones thin but not soft. However, both conditions can make bones break easily.

Causes of Osteomalacia

There are several reasons why osteomalacia can develop. Most cases are due to vitamin D deficiency. However, other factors can also play a role. Understanding the causes can help with prevention.

Vitamin D deficiency: Not getting enough sunlight or vitamin D from food.

Problems with absorption: Some gut conditions make it hard to absorb vitamin D or minerals.

Kidney disorders: The kidneys help activate vitamin D. If they do not work well, bones can soften.

Certain medications: Some drugs can affect how the body uses vitamin D.

Lack of calcium or phosphate: These minerals are needed for strong bones.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), vitamin D deficiency is a leading cause of osteomalacia worldwide.

Common Symptoms

Osteomalacia symptoms can be mild at first. However, they often get worse over time. Early signs may be easy to miss. But knowing what to look for can help you seek help sooner.

Bone pain, especially in the hips, lower back, and legs

Muscle weakness, making it hard to climb stairs or get up from a chair

Frequent bone fractures, even after minor falls

Difficulty walking or a waddling walk

Tiredness and general discomfort

In children, osteomalacia is called rickets. It can cause bone deformities and growth problems.

How Osteomalacia is Diagnosed

If you have symptoms of bone softening, your doctor will ask about your health and lifestyle. Next, they may order tests to confirm osteomalacia. Early diagnosis can help prevent further bone damage.

Blood tests: These check vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate levels.

X-rays: Images can show bone changes or fractures.

Bone biopsy: In rare cases, a small sample of bone is tested in a lab.

Doctors may also check for other conditions that can cause similar symptoms. According to the CDC, blood tests are the most common way to diagnose osteomalacia.

Treatment Options

Treating osteomalacia focuses on fixing the cause. Most people get better with the right care. However, it is important to follow your doctor’s advice closely.

Vitamin D supplements: These help restore healthy levels in the body.

Calcium and phosphate supplements: These may be needed if you are low on these minerals.

Treating underlying conditions: For example, managing kidney or gut problems.

Diet changes: Eating foods rich in vitamin D and calcium, like fish, eggs, and dairy.

Safe sun exposure: Spending time in sunlight helps the body make vitamin D.

Most people see improvement within a few months of starting treatment. However, some may need long-term care.

Prevention and Lifestyle Tips

There are simple steps you can take to lower your risk of osteomalacia. Prevention is often easier than treatment. Moreover, healthy habits support strong bones for life.

Get regular, safe sunlight exposure

Eat foods high in vitamin D and calcium

Take supplements if your doctor recommends them

Stay active with gentle exercise, like walking

Manage health conditions that affect vitamin D or mineral levels

For more tips on how to prevent osteomalacia, talk to your healthcare provider.

When to See a Doctor

If you notice bone pain, muscle weakness, or frequent fractures, it’s important to see a doctor as soon as possible. Early treatment can help prevent serious complications. Also, talk to your doctor if you have risk factors like low sunlight exposure or a poor diet, as these can contribute to osteomalacia.

Consult Dr. Dineysh Dhytadak for personalised advice and treatment options to properly diagnose and manage osteomalacia. Your health is our priority.